ABSTRACT
Background and Objective@#Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses, furuncles, and cellulitis. Biofilm forming strains of S. aureus have higher incidence of antimicrobial resistance to at least three or more antibiotics and are considered as multidrug resistant. Since S. aureus biofilm-producing strains have higher rates of multidrug and methicillin resistance compared to non-biofilm-producing strains, the need for alternative therapeutic option is important. Furthermore, rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Asia remain high. Results of the study may provide support for the clinical uses of P. betle as a topical antibacterial and antiseptic in the treatment and prevention of infections involving the skin, mouth, throat, and indwelling medical devices. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Piper betle L. ethanolic leaf extract (PBE) against a biofilm-forming methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MSSA).@*Methods@#The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PBE against MSSA were determined using the agar dilution assay. The biofilm inhibition and eradication assays using crystal violet were done to quantify the antibiofilm activities of PBE on MSSA biofilm.@*Results@#PBE showed activity against MSSA in agar dilution assay with MIC and MBC values of 2500 μg/mL and 5000 μg/mL, respectively. At subinhibitory concentrations, PBE showed biofilm inhibition activity at 1250 μg/mL but a lower percent eradication of biofilms as compared to oxacillin was noted.@*Conclusion@#PBE showed antibacterial activities including biofilm inhibition against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MSSA).
Subject(s)
Piper betle , Staphylococcus aureus , Anti-Bacterial Agents , BiofilmsABSTRACT
@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> Oral ivermectin is an approved first-line option to topical permethrin in Europe and Japan for the treatment of classic scabies, while combination oral ivermectin and topical permethrin is used in clinical practice for extensive or recurrent cases. There is unclear evidence on comparative efficacy and safety.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVES:</strong> To review the evidence on efficacy and safety of oral ivermectin versus topical permethrin or its combination in the treatment of classic scabies.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> We searched PubMed from January 1, 2016 up to August 7, 2021 for systematic reviews that included RCTs comparing oral ivermectin versus topical permethrin or its combination in the clinical treatment of scabies. We described the characteristics of included studies, assessed reporting quality, and summarized results and conclusion.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> We included five systematic reviews. Permethrin did not differ from oral ivermectin in cure rate at the 3 to 6-week time point but had an earlier cure at 1-2 weeks. Adverse effects did not significantly diff er and were few, mild, and transient with both treatments. The evidence ranged widely from low to high certainty and mainly came from three moderate-to-high quality systematic reviews. Combination oral ivermectin and topical permethrin was ranked higher in efficacy but lower in safety compared to either drug alone in one moderate validity network meta-analysis.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> There is varying certainty of evidence suggesting comparable efficacy and safety of oral ivermectin versus topical permethrin. Limited evidence suggest higher efficacy and lower safety of combination oral ivermectin and topical permethrin compared to either drug alone. An updated systematic review and network meta-analysis is warranted.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>KEYWORDS:</strong> scabies, ivermectin, permethrin, effectiveness, efficacy, safety</p>
ABSTRACT
Background and Objective@#Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses, furuncles, and cellulitis. Biofilm forming strains of S. aureus have higher incidence of antimicrobial resistance to at least three or more antibiotics and are considered as multidrug resistant. Since S. aureus biofilm-producing strains have higher rates of multidrug and methicillin resistance compared to non-biofilm-producing strains, the need for alternative therapeutic option is important. Furthermore, rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Asia remain high. Results of the study may provide support for the clinical uses of P. betle as a topical antibacterial and antiseptic in the treatment and prevention of infections involving the skin, mouth, throat, and indwelling medical devices. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Piper betle L. ethanolic leaf extract (PBE) against a biofilm-forming methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MSSA).@*Methods@#The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PBE against MSSA were determined using the agar dilution assay. The biofilm inhibition and eradication assays using crystal violet were done to quantify the antibiofilm activities of PBE on MSSA biofilm. @*Results@#PBE showed activity against MSSA in agar dilution assay with MIC and MBC values of 2500 μg/mL and 5000 μg/mL, respectively. At subinhibitory concentrations, PBE showed biofilm inhibition activity at 1250 μg/mL but a lower percent eradication of biofilms as compared to oxacillin was noted. @*Conclusion@#PBE showed antibacterial activities including biofilm inhibition against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MSSA).